Those are the "pin change" interrupts.
Teensyduino and Arduino do not directly support them with functions like attachInterrupt. But like all hardware features, you can access directly. The one good example would be the SoftwareSerial library, which uses the pin change interrupt to detect the beginning of an incoming byte.
The resisters are documented in the Atmel datasheet, so that can help you understand the code. Ultimately, you're working directly with the hardware, so it's a bit of a blank slate where you're on your own to figure out the details. Starting with the SoftwareSerial source can at least give you an example of how Mikal Hart did it.