Teensy 3.0 inputs are NOT 5 volt tolerant. If you directly connect a low-impedance 5 volt signal, it can damage the Teensy.
Fortunately, the A3144 is an open collector output. It's powered from 5 volts, but it never drives a 5 volt signal out. It only pulls the pin to ground. It's ok to connect the A3144 output (pin 3) directly to a Teensy3 input pin. A pullup resistor is required. You should use pinMode(pin, INPUT_PULLUP) for whatever pin to connect the A3144 to. You can also use a real resistor, but connect the other side of the resistor to +3.3V, not +5V.