Here's a crazy thought: if you could get by with just detecting whether or not the Teensy is plugged into a USB port, even though the devices it's plugged into might not be turned on, you could try the following:
Wire one of the Teensy pins capable of touchRead() to a resistor and then to ground nearest the USB connector. Plugging the cable in should significantly increase the capacitance reading.
Caution: I haven't tried this and I'm not an Electrical Engineer, so give the wiser people on the board some time to shout if this is a very bad idea.