I've glued together various tools and have come up with a reasonably easy way to never open the Arduino IDE again for Teensy development on Mac OS: https://github.com/drichelson/teensy-cmake
I'm using it as a template for OCTOWS2811/FastLED projects. If you try it and have any problems please respond here or create an issue on Github.
Thank you so much! I was struggling with some other CMake workflows but this one works!
One thing, maybe other people run into the same problem, I had a problem with passing a list of sources via variable. I fixed it using quotes like here: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5248749/passing-a-list-to-a-cmake-macro
PS: Finally I can use CLion for everything and no stupid Arduino IDE anymore... Thank you for that!