Saw your other post, but looking at the photo I think that's one of the decoupling capacitors which means it can probably still work in the default configuration but it's not a great situation.
Re the error that sounds more like something going amiss on the PC side. What happens when you compile blink for Teensy, and for Arduino Uno? A related test if you have one handy would be to also confirm your install can in fact download into a Uno as well but more interesting is confirming you can actually compile.
Once that's done do a search for any .hex files on your PC and see if you can find one made during the compile for Teensy. Confirm it has a non zero size and see if you can manually point the Teensy downloader program at it and try a download. Suspecting somewhere along those steps you'll find what's amiss.