I'll show you all the numbers step by step
So running from USB at 100mA - teensy has a linear regulator which essentially just chops off the excess voltage but keeps the current the same which means we've got 3V3 100mA to play with. (yeah that was a really simplified explanation, but it'll be fine for this case!)
12 touch sensors @ 500uA = 6mA
3 10k pots = 3 X 0.33mA = ~1mA
Total current draw of your inputs is 7mA. I've looked around and the highest number if found for the teensy current draw was
here needing 51.4mA. So the total you're drawing from that 3V3 rail is 58.4mA out of 100mA.
NB: that 100mA is the minimum from any USB port other than one on a non-powered USB hub. Most will actually be higher, but I don't know how to be sure of how much and individual port can source.
Edit:
I've just googled that atiny chip, and depending on how many LEDs you want to drive you might be able to run that of the 3V3 rail as well!
The attiny itself needs 2.5mA at 3V3, 4MHz clock - leaving you just shy of 40mA to drive LEDs with. So it'll depend on how much current your LEDs need.