I recently got a 2023 M2 Mac Mini running MacOS 15 (Sequoia). Until now I've done all MacOS work on a 2011 MacBook Pro running 10.7 (Lion) and a 2013 Trashcan Mac Pro running 10.14 (Mojave), which of course run very old versions of Apple's tools. Pretty amazing these old Macs are still going strong after 10+ years (thought admittedly I got the trashcan Mac used on Ebay when the newer 2019 model caused prices to drop).
Been working these last few days to get Teensy development working with Sequoia and Xcode 16 command line tools. Just yesterday I managed to get everything except the gcc toolchain to built as universal binaries, so we should soon have M1-M4 native code and also keep supporting Intel based Macs. How far back on Intel we can go remains to be seen, but 10.10 (Yosemite) is the absolute theoretical limit.
Sadly, my efforts to rebuild the gcc toolchain for native M1-M4 went down in flames. Looks like gcc 13 is the first version to support M1 native builds, but we're on gcc 11. So a fully M1 native isn't in the cards yet. Right now I'm experimenting with at least detecting when running on a M1-M4 machine which lacks Rosetta, so a helpful warning message can be printed rather than having it just fail with cryptic info.
So far I've only got the Arduino 2.x.x packages building on Sequoia. I'm debating whether trying to keep Arduino 1.8.19 support on MacOS is worthwhile. The way I was building on Lion+Mojave always took a lot of effort. But that old way can't work at all anymore, because Apple discontinued support for Notarization using older Xcode tools. If I keep building a MacOS version of Arduino 1.8.19 with Teensy support, it's going to require a lot of work.